The temperature-compensated crystal oscillator, the temperature-compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO), is a quartz crystal oscillator that reduces the amount of oscillation frequency change caused by changes in ambient temperature by an additional temperature compensation circuit. The term "temperature-compensated crystal oscillator" derived from a quartz crystal oscillator has reached the accuracy requirements for product applications. The definition of the temperature-compensated crystal oscillator is that the original physical properties of the piezoelectric quartz crystal (the frequency changes with the temperature into a cubic curve under the piezoelectric effect) are reversely changed by the peripheral circuit, so that the original frequency of the quartz crystal changes as small as possible with temperature. A quartz crystal oscillator made by a compensation method. A temperature-compensated crystal oscillator that makes the frequency more accurate and stable by measuring the temperature and then automatically adjusting the external matching capacitor matrix (changing the value of the connected capacitor). Temperature compensation is used to reduce the frequency distortion. Because the oscillator works due to the action of the resistor (the transistor or the integrated circuit has internal resistance), there will be a temperature rise. The temperature rise has a great influence on the semiconductor, which will cause the semiconductor operating point to occur. Drifting causes changes in the oscillation frequency. These changes have a great impact on the user. For example, radio communication, local clock (single chip or computer) require high frequency stability, so developers produce active oscillators with temperature compensation performance. The crystal oscillator with temperature compensation has a very low frequency variation and can provide a high stability frequency reference for long-term stable operation. The temperature-compensated oscillator (TCXO) is a quartz crystal oscillator that reduces the amount of oscillation frequency variation caused by changes in ambient temperature by an additional temperature compensation circuit. In TCXO, there are two types of compensation methods for quartz crystal oscillator frequency temperature drift: direct compensation and indirect compensation: (1) Direct compensation type The direct compensation type TCXO is a temperature compensation circuit composed of a thermistor and a RC element, which is connected in series with a quartz crystal vibrator in an oscillator. When the temperature changes, the resistance of the thermistor and the equivalent capacitance of the crystal series change accordingly, thereby offsetting or reducing the temperature drift of the oscillation frequency. The compensation method has the advantages of simple circuit, low cost, saving printed circuit board (PCB) size and space, and is suitable for small and low voltage and small current applications. However, when the accuracy of the crystal oscillator is required to be less than ±1 pmm, the direct compensation method is not suitable. (2) Indirect compensation type The indirect compensation type is divided into two types: analog and digital. The analog indirect temperature compensation uses a temperature sensing element such as a thermistor to form a temperature-voltage conversion circuit, and applies the voltage to a varactor diode connected in series with the crystal oscillator, and changes the capacitance of the series through the crystal oscillator. , compensate for the nonlinear frequency drift of the crystal oscillator. This compensation method can achieve high accuracy of ±0.5ppm, but is limited under low voltage conditions of 3V or less. The digital indirect temperature compensation is to add a first-order analog-to-digital (A/D) converter after the temperature-voltage conversion circuit in the analog compensation circuit to convert the analog quantity into a digital quantity. The method can realize automatic temperature compensation, which makes the crystal oscillator frequency stability very high, but the specific compensation circuit is more complicated and the cost is higher, and it is only suitable for the case where the base station and the broadcasting station require high precision.
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